Gazma Cave—A Final Middle Paleolithic Site in Azerbaijan: Paleogeography, Chronology, Archaeology
Gazma Cave—A Final Middle Paleolithic Site in Azerbaijan: Paleogeography, Chronology, Archaeology
doi:10.17746/1563-0110.2023.51.3.040-049
A.A. Zeynalov1, A.A. Anoikin2, 3, S.A. Kulakov2, 4, A.K. Otcherednoy2, 4, and R.N. Kurbanov5, 6 1Institute of Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, H. Javid pr. 115, Baku, AZ1073, Republic of Azerbaijan 2Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 3Altai State University, Pr. Lenina 61, Barnaul, 656049, Russia 4Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dvortsovaya nab. 18, St. Petersburg, 191186, Russia 5Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia 6Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetnyi per. 29, bldg. 4, Moscow, 119017, Russia
This article describes the Middle Paleolithic industry of Gazma Cave in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. We present data on the stratigraphy, paleontology, chronology, and archaeology of the site. Six lithological layers were identified, three of which (IV-VI) contain abundant archaeological material. The chronology of the site is based on a series of luminescence ages. The deposition of layers IV-VI formed ~55-40 ka BP. Paleontological, pollen, and grain size analysis offer the possibility of reconstructing Late Pleistocene environments around the cave. Faunal analysis indicates steppe, semi-steppe, and wooded mountains, with riparian forests and reeded areas in the floodlands. The analysis of 896 artifacts attests to the predominance of Levallois and parallel reduction. The share of Levallois blanks is high. The most common artifacts are Levallois and Mousterianpoints and side-scrapers; there are also limaces, knives, and a few indistinct Upper Paleolithic types such as end-scrapers and borers. Ventral basal trimming of points and ventral or dorsal thinning of side-scrapers were widely used. All the main indicators show the Gazma industry corresponds to the final Middle Paleolithic assemblages currently known in the Southeastern Caucasus.Gazma is an expressive MIS 3 example of the Taglar industry.
