New Data on Iron-Smelting Sites in the Kuektanar and Turgun Valleys, Southeastern Altai

New Data on Iron-Smelting Sites in the Kuektanar and Turgun Valleys,
Southeastern Altai

DOI: 10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.2.090-099

A.R. Agatova^{1, 2}, R.K. Nepop^{1, 2}, I.Y. Slyusarenko^{3, 4}, and V.S. Panov^3
1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
²Ural Federal University, Mira 19, Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
³Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
⁴Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

This paper presents the findings relating to iron-smelting furnaces in the Kuektanar and Turgun valleys of the Russian Altai, which were part of the Chuya-Kurai metallurgical province and are undergoing rapid erosion. On the Chuya River, downstream of the mouth of the Kuektanar, we discovered hitherto unknown (and completely eroded) remains of furnaces. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal fragments from smelting furnaces (bloomeries) at Kuektanar-1 and 2 and Turgun-1, using both scintillation and AMS techniques, suggests the use of trees that grew in 5th–10th centuries AD as a fuel for metallurgical production. Dates of charcoal relating to the same iron-smelting event differ by over 300 years, probably because various parts of adult larches (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) were used, creating an “old wood” effect. Samples of uncharred bark in bloomery 2 at Kuektanar-1 suggest that the last smelting occurred in 655–765 AD. The totality of radiocarbon dates makes it possible to conclude that the furnaces were active during the Old Turkic period. The proximity of iron ore sources and the abundance of forest vegetation account for the wide use of ironsmelting by the nomads in the region. The erosion of the river bank where the furnaces are located allowed us to assess the erosion rate since their construction to be approximately 0.5 cm per year.

Keywords: Iron-smelting furnaces, bloomeries, radiocarbon dating, Old Turks, southeastern Altai